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Landmark Judgments
Explore the evolution of India's judiciary, the judgments that shaped constitutional democracy, and their impact on people's rights and freedoms—from 1950 till today.
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Legal glossary
Terms used on this page
Article 32
The constitutional right to approach the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
Constitution Bench
A bench of at least five Supreme Court judges convened to decide a substantial question of constitutional interpretation under Article 145(3).
Judicial review
The power of constitutional courts to examine whether laws and State action comply with the Constitution.
Precedent
An earlier judicial decision used as authority when deciding a later case involving the same legal question.
Majority opinion
The reasoning supported by enough judges to determine the Court's result.
Dissent
An opinion that disagrees with the result or reasoning of the majority. It does not control the case, but may influence later legal development.
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